Kachura and Schneider's theory.

The inner circle represents the traditional bases of English: the United Kingdom, the united states, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland, anglophone Canada, and some Caribbean territories. Total number of English speakers in the inner circle is as high as 380 million, of whom some 120 million are outside the United States.

Next is the outer circle, which includes countries where English is not the native language. However is important for historical reasons and plays a part in national institutions. this circle includes India, Nigeria, the Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Malaysia, Tanzania, Kenya etc. 
The total number of speakers in the outer circle is estimated a range of 150 million to 300 million. 

Finally, the expanding circle encompasses those countries where English plays no historical or governmental role, but where it is nevertheless widely used a foreign language or lingua franca. This includes much of the worlds population. Much of the world is Norm developing.  ''norm-dependent', because it relies on the standards set by native speakers in the inner circle.

Edgar Schneider - Developmental stages for the new varieties of English. 

The closer the contact (language contact), higher the degree of bilingualism, multilingualism in a community, the stronger the effects of contact. 

1. The structural effects of language contact depend on social conditions. Therefore, history will play an important part. 

2. Contact induced changes can be achieved by a variety of mechanisms, from code switching. Occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation) to code alternation to acquisition strategies. (Language acquisition usually refers to first-language acquisition, which studies infants' acquisition of their native language. This is distinguished from second language acquisition, which deals with the acquisition (in both children and adults) of additional languages). 

3. Language evolution, and the emergence of contact induced varieties, can be regarded as speakers making selections from a pool of linguistic variants made available to them. 

4. Which features will be ultimately adopted depends on the complete 'ecology' of the contact situation, including factors such as demography, social relationships, and surface similarities between languages etc.  

Definition. 

The language and dialect systematically used to make communication possible between people to do not make a nature language/dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is a third language that is distinct from both nature languages.

Word Englishes - Origins = anglo saxons - current.
Major language on a general scale.

English is not the most widely spoken language in the world.

Mandarin = 800+ million
Spanish = 400+ million
English = 300+ million

Why is English used on such a global scale?

Elf = English as a lingua franca.

Phonology - Indian English can be described as syllable-timed rather than stressed-timed syllables are stressed and unstressed to fit rhythm.

Lexis - considerable borrowing from Indian language.

Grammar- The progressive aspect is used with stative verbs, i am knowing.
'no' is often used as a tag, eg. 'He went back, no?'

Word changes.

The word 'guy' has come a long way in the transition of meanings over the years.
The first meaning, it was used in a way and created because of Guy Fawkes which was used as terror scare sort of meaning. Whereas now it is a noun which is to name someone like 'man' or 'woman. The word can also be as a verb to make fun of someone, 'she never stopped guying him for his weight.' The origin of the word came from low german routes.

George language transcript.

Young readers should be corrected whenever they make a mistake.

Many people may say that children should not be corrected when making mistakes within conversations and their language choice however some language theorists would argue that is the best way for children to learn and progress. Techniques like scaffolding, promoting and interruptions could be effective for children to grasp the corrects forms for speech communication. Theorist Bruner has commented on this idea and said that it does work.

In the transcript George makes a few mistakes whereby his mother then corrected him in the proper format, this is called positive reinforcement so that George can recognise the difference when needed.Vygotsky's Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Theory is relevant in scenarios like this as he states that when children make mistakes they should always be corrected in a process of the most effective way for children to learn language and the correct terms etc. Negative reinforcement is one of the best ways to help children progress, George's mother uses this during the transcript when George confuses never and need and his mother doesn't prompt him with corrections however uses negative reinforcement by just saying 'nooo' which immediately shows that it was an incorrect term. Shortly after his mother uses reinforcement she supports the strategy with some positive reinforcement by saying 'thats it' giving George some praise for getting the correct term. 

In another section of the transcript George uses a strategy suggested by his mother, of sounding out the word in bits. He was trying to say sand bags so he then sounded the words of so he could understand it better a very common technique used for children to learn new words. sounding out the phones allowed him to understand the wording. the reason why he was likely to have misstated the word was because of the lettering being 'db' next to each other, confusing children with little understanding of grammar as it consonant cluster. the simplification by omission celision of the 'd' phoneme. 

At Georges language development stage is expected for him to make some small miscues when involved a fairly in depth conversation. Further down the transcript almost half way through the transcript when George makes a whole word miscues which followed a slight error just before. He said 'house' rather than the plural term which was needed being 'houses.' Georges mother uses a slight prompt by just saying'(e) (z)' which George clearly doesn't understand as he doesn't find the link and correct himself instead just carries on his speech. 

Vygotsky theory is clearly supported by Georges mother as she very often scaffolds Georges language skills to make them correct and slowly learn the proper terms in his speech. However theories show and life situations show that not always is it most effective to always correct children whilst they are speaking as it can lower their confidence to continue speaking and allow the their language to grow through their own mistakes. 

{page 14}

11

<gap desc="name">

<NOTE_LAN desc="no punctuation">

My Mum Dad <reg>sister</reg> and me have bought a dog and his name is <gap desc="name"> . My dog is a boy his <reg>colour</reg> is <reg>ginger</reg> and white he is nine years old his name is <gap desc="name"> he is very little he can run very fast he has a collar and lead.

<figure>

 incorrect uses of words and spellings, 'sisster' 'coular' 'jinger' 

No use of punctuation, 'My mum dad sisster and me have..' 

My mum, dad, sisster and me have bought a dog. 

possible style models.

https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2010/jan/03/travel-gurus-2010-guide

http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/russia/articles/can-russia-work-as-a-family-holiday/

Controversial ideas on a Russian holiday, reflecting on New York's also current situation, is it the right place to go????

Me as an english student.

English has always been a particular strength of mine throughout my years at school mainly down to the fact it is my favourite and have always been interested in it. My main strength in english is most likely creative writing and independent thoughts, this is because i have always enjoyed expressing my imagination through writing. As expected, being a completely different way of writing, analysing texts is possibly my biggest weakness however i will always still try and make the most of what i can do. Outside of college my hobbies don't really reflect anything to do with my academic attitude or my interests in learning however i think thats why i have a good mindset towards both as they are completely contrasting each other which creates a healthy balance between my social time and study time. Personally i don't see myself having a strong occupational accent however i have been told on numerous occasions i sound very Bristolian, which is likely considering I've lived here all my life.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/opinion/sunday/like-degrading-the-language-no-way.html

The way that language is being overused is what this article is trying to show and how that the value of it is being increidbly undervalued.

http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/06/opinion/sunday/like-degrading-the-language-no-way.html

This article is showing the importance of language in the UK for certain requirements.

Interesting Language articles.

http://www.theguardian.com/healthcare-network/2016/apr/08/english-language-requirements-foreign-doctors-not-fit-purpose

Foregone doctors and nurses language tests.

http://www.thesun.co.uk/sol/homepage/features/4359146/Tweets-and-texting-dont-mean-falling-standardsjust-that-language-is-changing.html

Language of the new generations.

Deborah Tannen speaks out.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUxnBZxsfoU

Deborah Tannen - Difference theorist.

She speaks of the difference in language between boys and girls and boys of the same and girls also, the competition between children and showing the differences of each sexes language.

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b075pz7x#play

Steven Pinker - 'Word of mouth'

This discussion is about the exploration of language and how multi lingual children can appreciate and notice the difference in language between different people. Also it is discussing the view of turn taking between people, especially focussing on the children's view of turn taking and how they go about it.

Charles Darwins quote 'Man has an instinctive tendency to speak as we in the babble of our young children, while no children have the tendency to bake, brew or write.' Steven Pinker picked up on this  because he recognised the elaborated fact that people have the instinct to speak however not to write. He follows this by saying language is something we are meant to do not a self taught thing such as writing.

Another thing that was elaborated and discussed throughout his talk was their idea of grammar and language detirirating throughout the years between the generations.

Radio 4 - Slang

http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006qtnz

"Obviously English but it's an English full of in group low life words"

"Slang represents us at our most human, may not be our kindest.....slang is a linguistic safety valve"

"'Yob' oldest slang word and is still used today" 

Slang is used in many different ways and for many different reasons in relation to the audience, speaker, age group etc. Slang is a way of remodelling the standard english language. Slang is seen to be used for different reasons, these appear to be, misogyny, abuse and sometimes sex. 
Slang is clearly not gender stereotyped, both men and women are known to use slang. 

http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/nov/28/conversation-brian-eno-yanis-varoufakis-interview

http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/nov/28/conversation-chris-hadfield-randall-munroe-interview

http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/nov/28/conversation-chris-hadfield-randall-munroe-interview

http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/nov/28/conversation-jeanette-winterson-marlon-james-interview

http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/nov/28/step-away-from-your-phone-the-new-rules-of-conversation

Young people of today are loosing their sense of communication because of the virtual world. Technology is taking over the majority of conversations throughout the generations.

http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/nov/28/how-to-talk-to-anyone-the-experts-guide

Young peoples communication has been declining not because of technology but because children don't know how to respond to many questions/conversations.

http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/ng-interactive/2015/nov/28/the-conversation-that-changed-my-life

This shows how conversations can be influential and shape peoples lives.

3D's

Difference - 

Deborah Tannen, a main theorist supporting the difference theory believes that the difference between men and women's language is not biological however is due to society and their expectations.

She speaks about how it is more excepted for men to be dominant and outgoing whereas for women it is seen as obnoxious and quite possibly rude. That is why society has perceived language of women to be and to speak or use language in any other way it would  be looked down upon.

Status vs. support - men see language as a means of asserting dominance; women see it as a way of confirming/supporting ideas.
Independence vs. intimacy - men "go it alone"; women seek support.
Advice vs. understanding - men see language as problem solving; women see it as a means of empathy.
Information vs. feelings - males are concerned with the facts; women with emotions.
Orders vs. proposals - men use imperatives; females use hidden directives.
Conflict vs. compromise - men will argue; women will try to find a middle ground.

Deficit - 

Robin Lakoff key theorist for 

Exam Questions.

http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/resources/english/AQA-77012-SQP.PDF

Question 2.

http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/resources/english/AQA-77012-CEX.PDF

Examiner marker version of question 2.

http://filestore.aqa.org.uk/resources/english/AQA-77012-COM.PDF

Examiners expectations.

Bristol University, guide to grammar.

http://www.bristol.ac.uk/arts/exercises/grammar/grammar_tutorial/

A – Handy for revision.

B – Punctuation and structure.  

Sentence types.  Paragraphing. Language used. Graphology.  Context. Discourse.

FPA – Syntax. Compound, Complex syntax. Spoken Language = Utterances.                                            Written language = syntax. Functions of syntax; imperatives, interrogative syntax. Explanative syntax.  Declarative syntax.

C – Common Confusion.                                                                                                                                                

Lexis, Semantics, Pragmatics - the meaning meant from author or audience.

D – Exam responses. PEE.

E – Conjunctives, split infinitives, subject/verb agreement.                                                                                                                         Grammar, Lexis.

F – Style, FPA.

G – Handy for Revision. 

Reasons why the english language is weird.

1) The difference between each of the 'wound' is their position in the sentence for example the second wound is the subject of the sentence being the main clause basing the whole conversation around. 

2) The subject in the sentence is 'the farm' because without it the rest of the sentence will not make sense, the verb of the sentence is the first produce.

http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3063455/English-language-changing-fast-words-majority-not-understand.html

This article is talking about how some speech, mainly focusing on different generations, have a certain type of language which only they would understand, commonly thought to be used for teenagers to hide things from their parents by using lexis that their parents don't know. Abbreviations used by older generation; which they regard as cool and modern, are now seen as antique terminology by todays teens is what the article is saying. 'Text talk' is used now as a hidden language according to this article.

Andrew Moore

http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/contents.htm#langa

All English specifications blended together, key thing I may need.